Partition 1947 India and Pakistan। Why it happened?

This soiled morning, A morning wounded the night before, What we were waiting for; This isn't the awaited morning. Written by Faiz Ahmed Faiz in his famous poem. He talked about the blow of independence. 

Where on one hand Independence Day was a day to be celebrated in India, on the other hand the country was mercilessly divided. Between India and Pakistan.” Between August 1947 and March 19484 half a million Hindus and Sikhsars are forced to migrate from Pakistan to India. 6 million Muslims must move in the opposite direction. 10 million people are displaced in the partition of India. 1 million are dead.” But why did this division occur? the reasons behind it? 

Come, we will try to understand them in today's special video. If you ask people about the Ward, some people can tell very exciting stories. Among the very famous story are Jawaharlal Nehru, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Edwina Mountbatten. All three studied at the same college in London. Harris College. The story goes like this. They were in a supposed love triangle. That is why Edwina Mountbatten asked her husband Louis Mountbatten to divide India into two countries so that both Nehru and Jinnah could be prime ministers. An exciting story for sure. But it is authentic as a WhatsApp attacker. Because if you think about it at least a little, you will understand how stupid this story is. 

Jinnah started studying law at Lincoln's Inn in 1892. Jawaharlal Nehru was only 3 years old then. And Edwina wasn't even born. Edwina was born in 1901. And Jawaharlal Nehru began studying at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1907. And Edwina did not attend college. many rumors to dispel, but let's put those stories aside and talk about documented history. What actually happened? The country was partitioned on August 14, 1947. But the decision to partition was made months before. As on 18 July, the King of Britain approved the partition plan when he passed the Indian Independence Act. Earlier, on July 5, the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act. But even before that, on 3 June 1947, Louis Mountbatten announced a plan for partition. It was known as the Mountbatten Plan.

" My first course in all my discussions, therefore, was to urge the political leaders to accept without reservation the Government's mission plan of 16 May 1946. To my great regret it was impossible to get to live against my will, under a government in which another community has authority, and the only alternative to coercion is partition." Until the very end, only two famous leaders remained who were completely against the partition. One of them was Mahatma Gandhi and the other was Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. Other Congress leaders like Sardar Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru had accepted this Partition Plan on 3 June." 

From the British Government's final decision on how power was to be transferred from British to Indian hands. With reservations the Plan was of course well received. From Nehru to Hindus, by Jinnah for the Muslims and by Sardar Baldev Singh for the Sikhs." The situation Sardar Patel talked about had actually been brewing for several years at the time. This was why on April 1, 1947, Gandhi met Mountbatten. He tried desperately to avoid the Ward. Gandhi was so desperate to avoid Partition that he offered the prime ministership to Jinnah. Mountbatten approached Nehru. Nehru said he had no problem with it. And that it had been offered to Jinnah before. And Jinnah had already rejected it. And when it was again offered to Jinnah, Jinnah again refused the offer.

The whole situation was too new for Louis Mountbatten to comprehend. Because he became Viceroy in March 1947. When he first came to India, the then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Clement Atlee, advised him to try to avoid Partition. The viceroy before Mountbatten was Archibald Wavell. He was the Viceroy of India from 1943 to March 1947. You would be surprised to know, my friends, that Wavell was actually among the people who tried to avoid partition. In fact he did not want the partition of India. His Simla Conference and the Wavell Plan of June 1945 show his efforts. Our problem actually started with the Viceroy before Wavell. He was a troublemaker. Instead of telling you the whole story in reverse, let me start from the beginning. 

Many people think that the reason for the partition was that Hindus and Muslims could not coexist. That the cultures of Hindus and Muslims were so different that they could not historically remain unified. People who believe this also b believe that the Muslim rulers were all evil. And the Hindu rulers were historically all righteous. Against Muslims, the wars waged in the Indian subcontinent for centuries were based on religion. But none of that is true, my friends. However, it is true that some Muslim invaders were cruel rulers like, But it is equally true, friends, that most of the battles between the rulers of that time were not because of religion, instead stemming from the lust for power. Kings and emperors fought with each other because of their greed for power. 

There is more than enough evidence to prove this. Muslim rulers fought other Muslim rulers. Like the first battle of Panipat between Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi. Both were Muslims. Similarly, the Battle of Patan in 1790. Fought between Marathas and Rajputs. Similarly, the famous Battle of Haldighati in 1576. A fight between Mughals and Rajputs, at first glance it looks like a religious battle between Hindus and Muslims, but the general of Akbar's army was Raja Man Singh, a Hindu. On the other hand, one of Maharana Pratap's army generals was Hakim Khan Suri, a descendant of Sher Shah Suri. While we have witnessed religious fanatic rulers like Aurangzeb, on the other hand we have also witnessed several secular rulers like Leaving aside the talk of former rulers, what about the common people of that time? 

There is the Sufi poet Amir Khusraw. (Muslim) He was born in the 13th century. About 800 years ago. He wrote this about Holi. (A Hindu festival celebrated with colors.) Oh mother, there is so much beauty and color today, O Allah, you are everywhere. My beloved's house is full of colors. It's so colorful today. If today a poet dares to write something similar, the feelings of some people will On the other hand, in the 15th century there were people like Kabir (Hindu). Who were equally opposed to extremist Hindus and extremist Muslims. Some worship Rahim (one of Allah's names) Some worship Ram (Hindu deity) I, humble Kabir, am a worshiper of love. And I worship them both. And Guru Nanak always emphasized unity among all religions. During the times of Akbar, Jahangir and Shahjahan, not only Eid but also Holi was celebrated in the Mughal courts. Holi was referred to as Eid-e-Gulabi. (Festival of Colors) And everyone could participate in Holi celebrations. Behind the Red Fort used to be a huge fair.

They called Diwali as Jashn-e-Charanga. (Festival of Lights) Think for a moment about Tulisdas. Written by Ram Charit Manas. major texts of Hinduism. He did so during the reign of Akbar. Akbar had Ramayan and Mahabharat translated into Persian. In addition, the Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, learned Kathak (a form of Indian dance). known for staging Krishnaleel. Once Holi and Muharram (Muslim festival) were held on the same day. And since Muharram is a day of mourning for Muslims, the Hindus, as a form of respect, said they would not celebrate Holi on that day. When Wajid Ali Shah came to know about this, he came out and celebrated Holi openly. You will find innumerable examples of Hindu-Muslim unity in our history, my friends.But you won't know about them because a particular section of the media and some political parties have based their entire business model on spreading hatred between the Hindu and Muslim communities. Anyway, let's move forward with our story. List all examples. So let's skip ahead to the rebellion of 1857. It was another example of Hindu-Muslim unity. Many Hindu rulers and Muslim rulers fought together against the Company's rule. They all accepted Bahadur Shah Zafar as their commander. After the Rebellion of 1857, their Company's rule over India ended and the British Raj (rule) was established. 

But this rebellion scared the British a lot. They feared that if there were more such revolutions, their rule would soon end. That is why the British Raj adopted their famous policy of divide and rule. Remember that was the time when Advaita Vedānta"Aham Brahmasmi"that all are equal. This sense of equality was very widespread among Indians. To better understand the divide and rule politics of the British, we will also need to understand the basics of the Indian National Congress. The Congress was founded with the help of the British officer A. O. Hume. He was a very spiritual person. He wrote a very bold account of the rebellion of 1857. He wrote that because of the British atrocities, the rebellion of 1857 really happened. Because the British mistreated the Indians. This British officer openly criticized the Viceroy. Therefore, he was demoted from his rank. Later he resigned from his job.Wrote his famous poem Old Man's Hope.In which he tried to arouse Indian demand for a country of his own.Demand an independent nation.Indian National Congress became the central organization of Indian nationalism.Congress demanded that Indians Educated Indians should get more share in government. Dufferin was then viceroy. He gave his consent to the first session of Congress. 

At first the Congress did not bother him. However, he soon realized d that the activities the Congress was preparing posed a threat to the British Raj. And so he began to be careful. He asked the Congress to focus its sessions and meetings on non-political social reforms. But the Congress did not give up. Viceroy Dufferin therefore adopted other techniques to stifle the influence of Congress. He reached out to the rich to ask them to withdraw their patronage from the INC. He made it a rule that no government employee could attend meetings of Congress. He also considered the help of loyal, pro-British people One of them was an educationist, Syed Ahmad Khan. And the second was linguist Shiv Prasad. Both were told to start an anti-Congress movement in the country. So around 1887, Syed Ahmad Khan started giving speeches. demanded that the ICS exams be held in India. Indians have a say in the budget drawn up by the British government. 

That Indians can influence the budget, at least to some extent. Syed Ahmad Khan completely opposed all these demos ands. And advised people to stay away from Congress. This is not a big problem. But the most important thing is that here he started talking about two nation theory. He told people that Muslims are in danger. He claims , that the Hindus would start torturing the Muslims as soon as the British left. In addition, French, Portuguese and German invaders would come to India and exploit the Indians. Therefore, he argued, it would be better for Muslims if Muslims supported the British and the British government. Although Syed Ahmad Khan promoted modern education for Muslims, he established a college in 1875 which is now known as Aligarh Muslim University. But his inflammatory speeches and anti-Congress movement had serious consequences. At the beginning of the 20th century, part of the elite Muslims in the country believed very strongly in this theory of two nations. Because of this, the All India Muslim League was founded in 1906. Of course, the British wanted to fuel the policy of divide and rule, so the British supported this All India, including the Muslim League. The All India Muslim League demanded a separate electorate for Muslims from Viceroy Minto. Congress was strictly against it. Then Congress leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah was also against it. The same Jinnah who later supported Partition. up to this point Jinnah was completely against separate electorates. He believed that this would lead to the division of the country into two parts.At this point, people like Sarojini Naidu saw Jinnah as an ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity. However, the British saw another opportunity to use Divide and Conquer here. And they approved separate electorates. Giving separate electorates to Muslims meant that there would be some reserved electorates. seats for which only Muslim candidates could contest and only Muslim voters could vote in these elections. The British Raj sanctioned this through the Indian Council Act of 1909. This is also known as the Morley-Minto reforms. But the British did not stop there The Indian Council Act of 1919 was passed later where Sikhs, Europeans and Anglo-Indians were given similar representation. Their policy of divide and rule prospered. More cracks began to form. Among the various religions in the country, this led to a small section of Hindus starting to feel paranoid. They began to feel that nothing was being done for them. That their interests are being overlooked. Therefore, similar to the All India Muslim League, the Hindu League was formed. It was named Akil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha. 

It was founded by Madan Mohan Malaviya. Then in 1925 a person named Keshav Baliram started another Hindu organization. It was named Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. RSS. Where on the one hand some Muslims believed the story “Muslims are in danger”, on the other hand some Hindus began to fear that “Hindus are in danger.” Another reason was that the history taught in schools by the British, the history presented to the people, was a distorted version of history. The British showed how Hindus had resisted Muslim rulers throughout history. In 1909, an officer in the Indian Medical Service, Lt. Col. U. N. Mukherjee, wrote several letters to newspapers in Calcutta. He titled the letters, "Hindus: A Dying Race!" In these letters, he talked about his fears about how Hindus were in danger. ndle. The same thing we still hear from some people even after 100 years. He was afraid that the Muslims would take over the whole country. On the other hand, some Muslims were scared that Hindus would take over the country. that was the reason, friends, Fear. This turned into riots over the next few years. In the 1920s, religious unrest between Hindus and Muslims began to take place. 

These riots were not very frequent at first. forward. What role does Savarkar and Hindutva play here? Why and how does Jinnah later turn around? This eventually leads to the Partition. Friends, let's talk about it in one of the next episodes. I think that's enough for today. Today you must know the basic reasons that led to the split. From where these cracks started to form.