March 21, 2022, at 1:11 p.m. Flight MU-5735 took off from Kunming, China. It was a 2 hour long normal passenger flight to Guangzhou city. A city in southeast China. But about an hour after takeoff, at 2:20 PM, this plane began to rapidly lose altitude. It falls down. Normally if there is some technical problem with the plane or if there is some problem with the engine. For such cases, planes are designed to glide when descending. It falls at a rate of several thousand feet per minute. But this plane fell from a height of almost 30,000 feet in 1 minute and 35 seconds. Normally, this is the speed at which skydivers descend from an aircraft. But here a large airliner began to fall vertically. 

And in less than 2 minutes it hit the hill. When this plane was in the nose, this scene was captured on camera from a distance. In this picture it is clearly visible in the video footage that the plane was falling vertically. It was in a dive. How is it possible? Plane passengers die. The crash is believed to be one of China's worst aviation disasters." The China Administration has confirmed that a China Eastern Airlines plane crashed in the south of the country." “It appears to be descending at about 10,000 feet per minute. So that's way beyond what you would see in an emergency descent. so something quickly went wrong. We don't know what. One of the black boxes was found in the wreckage of the Boeing." "It is not yet known if anyone survived or not." This plane crash shocked the air - Crash investigators and experts from around the world. What could be the reason for this plane crash Data from Flightradar24 can be seen at this chart. It shows the altitude of the plane during the flight. At first the plane took off normally. That's the pitch you see at the beginning. Then it maintained an altitude of 29,000 feet. About one hour and ten minutes. 

And then suddenly at 2:20 p.m. the plane crashes rapidly. But there is something strange on the map. what could be the cause of this short climb? They say the explanation could be anything. It is possible that the plane's engine failed or the plane had a technical problem, it is also possible that the pilot wanted to commit suicide, or that there was to a terrorist attack on the plane, or that the pilots passed out, or even a weather-related problem. Currently, search and rescue teams are trying to find the black box and the plane's crash recorders. They are also trying to find if di who were on the plane. They might survive. But we have a weather report during the crash. According to the China Meteorological Administration, the temperature at the crash site at 2:00 p.m. that day was around 30°C. The wind was light as usual. It was forecast to rain in the evening. There was no rain before the impact. And the visibility was more than 10 miles. So the weather conditions at that time were not unusual. The weather was perfectly normal. The problem is that it's raining heavily now, so search and rescue teams are having trouble locating these black boxes. Today, March 23, they had to temporarily stop the search due to rain. In addition, the crash site is surrounded by hills and dense forest. Getting there and looking for evidence is not easy. Under normal circumstances, the flight data recorder and voice data recorder are made to be shock resistant. 

But they would be intact after the crash like It's a big question. The latest update is that these search teams have found one of the two black boxes. The box was damaged on the outside, but the records inside are said to be intact. This black box was sent to Beijing for further investigation. So hopefully we get more information about the crash. Aviation expert Neil Hansford says the chances of this accident being an accident are very low. In his opinion, it is highly unlikely that it was an accident. He gave the example of Air France Flight 447. It crashed in 2009. There were technical problems with that flight. And the pilots were confused about it. But when the plane crashed, it was descending slowly. But in this crash in China, the plane fell like a stone from the sky. If this crash happened because of an accident, it would be an unimaginable accident. The plane may have lost both wings. Or the plane was hit by a missile. Or that the plane collided with something in the air. Only then would the pl If none of these events happened, then it is highly likely that the pilot did it. Or someone on a plane who took over from the pilot. US Federal Aviation Investigator Michael Daniel believes the same. He says this crash was most likely foul play. Someone did it on purpose. He cited two previous crashes. Egypt Air Flight 990, flying from New York to Cairo in 1999. Crashed into the Atlantic Ocean. A SilkAir Flight 185 that crashed off Sumatra, Indonesia in 1997. These two are rare examples of aircraft nosediving like this. And in both cases the plane was deliberately crashed by the pilot. Some people blame the model of the plane. Two recent plane crashes around the world, the Indonesia plane crash in 2018 and the Ethiopian plane crash in 2019, the reason for both plane crashes were technical problems in the design of the aircraft. Both plane crashes involved a specific aircraft model. The Boeing 737-M AX was an upgraded model of the Boeing 737-800. Newer Boeing model. For him, they claimed to have increased the efficiency of the aircraft engine. And in order to reduce the noise inside the plane, they moved the engine of the plane a little forward. On the front of the wings. But by changing the position of the plane's engine, there were aerodynamic problems of the plane. Especially when there were unusual flight conditions and the weather was not right. to solve this problem, Boeing installed special software Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System. MCAS. However, this special software did not work as expected. Two crashes in 2018 and 2019 were caused by a faulty sensor. MCAS was activated by mistake, due to this incorrect activation the nose of the aircraft dropped. A Boeing pilot criticized the company, saying that when the new 737-MAX model was launched, the company claimed that pilots certified to fly the 737-800 should take a minor computer course to be trained to fly the 737-MAX. But pilot training in flying the 737-MAX was inadequate. It was later discovered that the US Federal Aviation Administration had not properly informed Boeing of the new system. MCAS.

For these reasons, in January 2021, the US Department of Justice found that Boeing had tried to defraud the US government, and so they would have to pay a fine of $2.5 billion. But honestly, in the case we are discussing today, that is not one of the reasons. Because the plane that crashed in China was a 737-800 model. Not the 737-MAX. The Boeing 737-800 model has been in use for years. It is a reliable model aircraft. It is considered one of the safest transport aircraft. After considering all the explanations, the most likely scenario is that the pilot crashed this aircraft on purpose. And so the biggest question is: Why did the pilot do this? Several conspiracy theories have started to appear on Chinese social media. In one of the most popular conspiracy theories, America is actually blamed. It is said that in the Russia-Ukraine conflict, because China did not take a clear stand against Russia, it caused America in China. Chinese social media users come w with these conspiracy theories. I talked about this in the MH 370 crash video, whenever there is a major disaster without a clear reason that doesn't have a proper explanation, it results in a lot of conspiracy theories, people. And if after watching this video you are afraid to travel on planes again because they still crash frequently. You don't have to worry. Do not worry. Statistically speaking, airplanes are one of the safest modes of transportation. The most used Boeing aircraft models, the Boeing 737-600/700/800/900 aircraft models, have an accident chance of 0.07 accidents per million flights. So for every 1 million flights in the world, only 0.07 of them would result in a crash. The probability of a plane crash is so negligible. In addition, the Airbus A300 model is another popular model, its chances are 0.46 per million flights. And for the Airbus A310, it is 1.35 accidents per million flights. Of course, these statistics come from past records. He sees the number of flights the model has completed and the number of crashes. But in the recent plane crashes you would notice one thing, it is either due to a technical glitch in the software or it is a deliberate action by the pilot. Crashes due to bad weather or hijacking have no chance of happening. What do you think could be the reason here?

If you recall, in 2014, Christopher Nolan's blockbuster movie was Interstellar. Space related concepts like wormholes, black holes, alien planets were depicted in this movie in a scientifically accurate manner. But perhaps the most shocking scene was at the end of the film. 

At the climax, the film's main character, Cooper, falls into a black hole. In the movie, the black hole was called Gargantua. Cooper falls with his spaceship into a black hole. At first everything around him was black, complete darkness. But as he descends deeper, he notices some grain-like particles. These particles hit his spaceship and cause scratches on it. There were some flashes of light, some sparks, and his spaceship caught fire. He was forced to eject from his spaceship and kept falling into the black hole. And suddenly he found himself in a five-dimensional space. The five-dimensional tesseract. It was an overwhelming experience. A place where he could communicate with his past self using gravity. Looking at these scenes, you might have wondered if this is actually possible. Does this exist in a black hole? If we fall into a black hole, what will we see? Come, let's try to understand these aspects in today's article." Black holes remained largely unknown until the 20th century. 

A black hole is a region in space where the gravitational force is so strong that not even light can escape from it." you can't tell what's inside a black hole from the outside.” “Black holes haunt our universe. Dark centroids. They will swallow everything in their path." Let's start at the beginning of this story, friends. The history of black holes is not very long. 100 years ago, no one knew about black holes. Because of Einstein's theory of relativity, black holes were later discovered. Friends, the theory has two parts . Special Theory of Relativity and General Theory of Relativity. Special Theory of Relativity published by Einstein in 1905 tells us how speed affects time. If you are in a spaceship that is moving very fast, if the speed is too fast, time will slow down. in relation to people who are not in the spaceship, back on Earth. The word relative is very important because when you are in a spaceship, you don't experience time slowing down. You would think that time passes at the same rate as it normally does. But when you return to Earth , you will find that there was a difference in the flow of time. This is called kinematic time dilation. And if you saw my article on Time Traveler, I explained in detail how it works there. Not only speed, but also gravity ace cca n also leads to time dilation, as shown by Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity. 

He developed this in 1915. The more gravitational force you experience, the more time slows down for you. This is known as gravitational time dilation. And that was wonderfully depicted in Interstellar. When Cooper and his team land on Aqua Planet, one hour on that planet is equal to 7 years on Earth. This is happening on the planet because the planet was very close to the Gargantua black hole. So the gravitational force of the Black Hole affected time. To visualize this, Einstein wanted us to visualize the space-time fabric. Sort of like a grid on which all the planetary objects are placed. The space-time fabric bends due to the weight of objects And when the web bends, not only does it pull more on physical objects, but it also causes time dilation, and other forms of energy like sound, heat, or light are also affected by gravity. , It is true. This was another conclusion of Einstein. Gravity affects almost everything. Not only are physical objects attracted by gravitational force, heat, sound and light are also attracted. Friends, this means that there can be such objects in space that have such a high gravitational force that they can completely absorb light. 

If such objects are there, it means that they would be completely black. We won't see them. Because not even light can escape from them. Friends, these are exactly what black holes are. Einstein presented his Theory of General Relativity, the concept of black holes was only theoretical at the time. Einstein knew that gravity affects light. And objects that can absorb light were theoretically possible. But Einstein didn't know that real black holes existed. When Einstein was alive, the concept of black holes seemed strange to him. He knew that such things could be, in theory, but then the existence of infinity was also theoretically possible. he basically didn't believe such things actually existed. At the time he died, the term Black Hole had not even been invented. Here's an interesting fun fact, a key point in Einstein's theory was that the speed of light limits the effect of gravity. Not feeling the force of gravity instantly, everywhere, its upper limit is the speed of light To use a practical example, suppose the sun suddenly disappeared, as you know, we will know about that disappearance on earth 8 minutes later, because sunlight takes 8 minutes to reach the earth . 

But according to Einstein, the gravitational impact of the Sun's disappearance will also be felt 8 minutes later. Isn't it very interesting? After Einstein's theory of general relativity was worked out, many scientists, such as several equations, solved these equations and tried to derive solutions, and by arriving at the solution of these equations, it was theoretically proven that things like black holes really exist. In the 1960s, archers and scientists finally agreed that we would be able to see black holes not only in theory, maybe one day, but also in reality. Because they exist in space. The term black hole was first used by a magazine in 1964. It wasn't until 1967 that the term gained popularity when physicist John Wheeler popularized it. Although the term black hole sounds quite sensational, it is a misleading name. Black hole. It might sound like there is an actual hole. But that's not the case. There is no hole in the universe. Black holes are made of stars. So there is some material in the middle of them. 

But in stars, even our Sun is a star, there is a continuous reaction of nuclear fusion going on at their center. These reactions produce heat and light. The heat produced sends a force outward, and there is a gravitational force at the center of the star that helps the star stay intact and alive. This is how stars maintain their balance throughout their lives, forces pushing outwards due to reaction and pulling forces inward due to gravity. But these reactions take place when there is fuel. Either hydrogen or helium. The fuel wouldn't always be there. At some point it would burn. And when the fuel runs out, it won't be there. there must be no forces pushing out. would not be resisted by the same force, so the star itself collapses due to its own gravity. This will take a long time by the way. The life expectancy of our Sun is around 10 billion years. But what happens next depends on the star's mass. Let's look at the life cycle graph of a star. If the mass of the star is not high, i.e. if it would be a small or medium-sized star, it will turn into a Red Giant. It can then become a planetary nebula or a White Dwarf. But if it were a massive star, the star will have a lot of mass when it runs out of fuel, cools down and turns into a Red Supergiant. Super Giant bursts and turns into Super Nova. After that, a small core remains. If the core is small, it is called a neutron star, but anything larger than this, we call it a Black Hole. Basically, the mass of a star can turn into a black hole after it collapses, shrinks and condenses due to its gravitational pull. How small, specifically, is the volume of a compressed star? For a star the size of our Sun, if it becomes a black hole, the diameter of the black hole will be only 50 km. Can you imagine the volume being that small? But the interesting thing is that our "son" will not grow into a black hole. 

Indian-American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar proved this. He developed the value of the Chandrasekhar limit. He said the maximum mass of a White Dwarf could be 1.4 times the mass of our Sun. Above that, it cannot be stable and would turn into either a neutron star or a black hole. But because our son, the Sun, is below this limit, it becomes a white dwarf instead of a black hole. Friends, I'm going to take a little ad to tell you about the savings black hole. Correctly. Now that you understand why a black hole exists, let's now understand how black holes are. There are mainly 3-4 types of black holes, my friends.

The first is a stellar black hole. This is the most common type of black hole. Black holes that were created by stars. Scientists estimate that there are somewhere between 10 million and 1 billion such black holes in our Milky Way Galaxy. primordial black holes exist. These black holes are as small as an atom. But their weight is like a mountain. They are believed to be as small as an atom. Friends, these black holes are only theoretical, hypothetical, we don't know much about them. The third type of black hole is the supermassive black hole. These black holes are huge. So big that their mass is greater than the mass of 1 million Suns combined. And it fits into a sphere the diameter of which is as big as our Solar System. Scientists believe that at the center of every large galaxy is a supermassive black hole. This supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is called Sagittarius A. The black hole in the movie Interstellar, which was named Gargantua, was said to be a supermassive black hole. In addition, scientists believe that there may be a fourth type of black hole. 

Although it cannot be said for sure, the fourth type of black hole will be an intermediate black hole, which lies somewhere between the sizes of Stellar and supermassive black holes. Although no evidence of this has yet been discovered. One thing you've seen in the movie Interstellar and in the photos you've seen so far, and your interpretation is, a black hole is I don't like a big black ball sucking up everything around it. Black holes look something like this. This is the black hole as shown in the movie because it is in HD and is more 3-dimensional than the photo we captured some time ago. The first thing you would notice in this photo is the orange ring that forms around the black hole. It is known as an accretion disk. It is an important feature of black holes. As you know, the gravitational force in black holes is very high, so due to gravity, a large amount of gaseous matter and debris is attracted to the black hole and remains floating around it. Much like the planets orbit the sun due to the sun's gravitational pull. The difference is that the gravitational pull of a black hole is so strong that things spinning around them spin at very high speeds and heat up so much that they turn into a flowing fluid-like mass. They literally become fire-like particles hotter than a million degrees. Celsius. The closer they get to the black hole, the faster they spin around it. 

The particles spin so fast that they rub against each other and compress, causing them to glow. They emit electromagnetic radiation, which is mainly X-rays. the accretion disk was shown very accurately in the movie, the only thing they got wrong was that it's not really orange. Human eyes cannot see X-rays. X-rays lie outside the spectrum of visible light. We simply depict it in orange-yellow spol lours to illustrate this. The actual color of this disk would be closer to blue. In 2019, the first photograph of a black hole was taken. Again, a yellow-orange color was used to represent this accretion disk. One thing you can clearly notice in the real photo that you might not notice in the film is that the particles on one side are brighter than the other. There is a simple reason for this. Particles rotating towards us appear brighter and those rotating away from us appear fainter. This is due to the Doppler beam effect. When you see a real photo of this black hole, you can look at this blurry photo and interpret the direction of the spinning particles. The area that is brighter is coming closer to us and the dark area is moving away from us. Going back to the image from the movie, another interesting thing you would notice is that the accretion disk gives off an optical illusion due to gravity. A black hole appears to cover the top and bottom of the disk. It appears that way because gravity bends light. An area hidden behind the disk when viewed from the front, light coming from this area must travel through it because it is bent by gravity. If you look at a black hole from above, it will look like a normal round disk. We only get this illusion when looking at a black hole from the sides. In addition, when you enter the black hole, you will see the last circle of light. photon sphere. The gravity in this region is so strong that light begins to orbit the black hole. What is light made of? Photons. Photons begin to orbit the black hole. 

This means that if you get into this region of the black hole alive, it is theoretically possible to see the back of the head, because the light moves in a circle, in the form of a ring. Beyond this point is the boundary of the black hole. This is known as the event horizon. It is considered the limit because after this point gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape. Beyond this point, everything is black. If you're falling into a black hole and you've crossed the event horizon, theoretically, you have no chance of escaping. If even light can't escape it, how would a human do it? In the movie Interstellar, it is shown that Cooper's spaceship is still falling into the black hole, having crossed this Event Horizon, it suddenly reaches the fifth dimension. This part of the movie is purely imagination. It's speculation because we don't know what's inside the Event Horizon. The producers of Interstellar hired a Nobel Prize winning physicist to keep everything scientifically accurate. But apparently the things science has yet to discover, the things we know nothing about, for those parts the film turned towards the imagination. What will be at the center of a black hole? Einstein's General Theory of Relativity tries to describe it. In this theory, the center of the black hole is called the Singularity. A singularity is a region of a black hole, the center where the curvature of spacetime is infinite. Remember the network I talked about in the first half of the article? The heavier the object, the more the space-time web will bend. In the case of a black hole, it is so curved that it stretches infinitely. As we know from the theory of relativity, time, energy and everything else is affected by gravity. As the force of gravity increases, time slows down infinitely. But what does it mean that time slows down infinitely? Does this mean that if you enter a black hole and if we could ever get out of it, the universe outside would end for the rest of us? We don't know. We can only create theories. What do you think about it? Comment below and let me know. Some interesting theories are proposed. It's like we can't see inside a black hole from the outside because when light is absorbed into it, one theory says that inside the event horizon, the light is reflected at several points before reaching the Singularity. So it is possible that inside the Event Horizon things would actually be visible. Things we've seen for sure with black holes is this single photo. 

This photo taken by the Event Horizon telescope on April 10, 2019. This practically proved the existence of a black hole. About 100 years after they were theoretically proven. One thing is for sure, if you fall into a black hole, chances are you will be blown to pieces by the force of gravity. You will die in milliseconds. But even so, friends, there is no need to fear black holes. Before, many people had this misconception that black holes suck up all the matter, keep getting bigger and eventually it will end the whole universe. But it doesn't work that way. As I told you, at the center of every galaxy is a supermassive black hole. of other planetary bodies and a hundred In range of the black hole revolves around it. The same way that all the planets in our solar system revolve around the sun. The same thing happens in the center of the galaxy, although in a much stronger way. if you keep the right distance from the black hole, if you keep social distancing, you'll be safe. And the 5-Dimension concept mentioned in InterSettlar is another interesting concept.

About 4500 years ago, a wonder of the world was built in Egypt. One that continues to amaze people even today. The Great Pyramid of Giza. At 147 feet tall, it remained the tallest structure in the world for more than 4,000 years. Heavy stones were used to build the pyramids, which are said to weigh 6 million tons. Compared to the current tallest building, the Burj Khalifa, which weighs only 500,000 tons. A question that stumped people.

How was it built?

Back then, people didn't have cranes, bulldozers or modern technology. So much so that they didn't even have wheels. Still, they built a memorial that still stands. Can you imagine a structure that would stand for more than 4,500 years, through hot summers, storms, torrential rains and weather? a surviving structure as old as this and as large as this.

How was this made possible?

Come, in this video we will understand the secret of the pyramids.

“The Great Pyramid is probably the most mysterious structure on the face of the Earth. Built around 2,500 BC, it has been the tallest structure on Earth for over 3,500 years. Built as huge tombs of brilliant white limestone, the pyramids are designed to hide the dark secrets of the dead. The more we go back in time, the more difficult it is to find out what happened, when and how. The Great Pyramid of Giza is estimated to have been built in 2560 BC by Pharaoh Khufu. The rulers of ancient Egypt are known as pharaohs. We don't know much about Pharaoh Khufu, except that he was the second ruler of the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt.

His reign is a hotly debated topic, however some estimates by historians put it at 23 years, some 34 years, and some more than 60 years. The pyramid is located on the west bank of the Nile, and if you see photos or videos of it, you will see that it is not the only pyramid. You will see two more pyramids built in the same place. Of the three, the tallest is the Pyramid of Giza, also known as the Pyramid of Khufu. Smaller than it is the Pyramid of Rachef, the second largest pyramid in Egypt. It is said to have been built by Khufu's son Khafre. The third and smallest is the Pyramid of Menkaure. It is said to have been built by Khafre's son. These are the only monuments from that time. In addition to them, there is the Great Sphinx, several burial tombs and smaller pyramids. There are said to be a total of 118 pyramids of various shapes and sizes. Many of them have been eroded by weathering, very few of them are in good condition. Perhaps the best preserved are these three pyramids. Especially the Great Pyramid of Giza.

What was the reason for building these?

Several ancient monuments were built for the same reason. They were built as a tomb. Pharaohs are buried inside the pyramids. Friends, the ancient Egyptians believed in an afterlife. They believed that life does not end with death. After death, a person's soul travels to the underworld, where it is then judged by the gods. Those who have lived a life of goodness remain immortal in the afterlife. To prepare for the afterlife, pharaohs had tombs built for them during their reign. A large amount of food, treasure, jewelry, furniture, clothing were to be buried with the pharaoh in the pyramid to be used in the afterlife. After they died, their bodies were mummified and then sealed in a wooden or stone sarcophagus. You may be wondering how we are sure that is why the pyramids were built.

There are two main reasons, my friends.

First: we discovered scriptures written on several other pyramids. Texts about such sarcophagi and pyramids that tell us about their customs.

Second: most historical pyramids in Egypt and Sudan were used as tombs. But specifically, no substantial evidence of this has been found in the Great Pyramid of Giza, so people come up with their own alternative theories. When archaeologists entered the Great Pyramid, they found three relics and an empty sarcophagus. The sarcophagus is believed to be from Khufu, and the treasures that must have surrounded it were looted before archaeologists could get to it. Those who disagree have come up with bizarre alternative theories.

One of the popular theories floating around is that the Great Pyramid was a power plant that could generate electricity. People who believe this claim that the ancient Egyptians were very technologically advanced and that they had already learned to use electricity. Some ancient works of art are presented as evidence for this theory.

Such artworks have been discovered on the walls of some ancient Egyptian temples and are used to support the claim that they were building the light bulb. It is said that the Egyptians invented it, but the technology somehow got lost later. As I have said repeatedly, such conspiracy theories arise when there is a lack of substantial evidence on a matter. But conspiracy theories are often so outlandish that they make no logical sense. If light bulbs existed in ancient Egypt, why haven't we found any evidence to prove it? In fact, this work depicts an Egyptian mythological story. Another popular theory claims that the pyramid was a granary for storing crops. This theory was proposed by American politician Ben Carson in 1998, according to his "personal theory" the pyramids were built by the father of Jesus Christ. “My personal theory is that Joseph built the pyramids to store grain. All archaeologists think they were made by the pharaohs, right?" Friends, here you see the second main reason for making up conspiracy theories, religious appeasement by politicians. Today, anyway, it is absolutely clear with all historians that the Great Pyramid of Giza was built as a tomb. Back then, people they believed that the bigger the tomb, the more treasures and food in the tomb, the better the pharaoh's afterlife would be. Now we come to the biggest question.

How were these Pyramids built?

Honestly, this is the most mysterious aspect of the pyramids. How did people build a 147 meter tall structure? Using these huge stones that weigh anywhere between 2.5 tons to 80 tons. Each stone is carved so carefully and evenly when there were no standard tools for carving. How were the stones stacked on top of each other?

When people didn’t even use wheels?

All this within 20 years. Friends, the Great Pyramid of Giza is said to have been built in 20 years. There are several theories regarding this. I'm not going to talk about bizarre conspiracy theories here. But before we discuss the theories, let's look at a misconception that people have about the pyramids. The films show slave labor being used to build the pyramids. Poor slaves, forced to work here all day and brutally abused and whipped by the guards.

You would see it in some movie or other. For a long time, people believed that slaves built the pyramids. The 5th century BC Greek historian Herodotus was the first to suggest that slaves built the pyramids. But today we know that is not true. The people who built these pyramids were highly skilled workers. They were not starved and abused, rather they were given abundant food. They were fed so well that they were stronger and livelier than the average Egyptian citizen of the time. They lived in towns near construction sites. Different communities supported them throughout the seasons. As farmers, when not actively engaged in their fields, farmers helped with construction in their spare time. In a way, the citizens in the kingdom were united in the success of the national project. They were very loyal to their pharaoh. About 20,000 to 30,000 workers worked 10 hours a day to build this Great Pyramid of Giza.

In terms of construction material, about 5.5 million tons of limestone, 8,000 tons of granite and 500,000 tons of mortar were used. Most of these materials were obtained from nearby areas. At most, they were brought from the area of ​​southern Egypt, which was about 800 km from the site.